18 1735-8191 دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی 2677 From Bourdieu's Cultural Capital to Abel's Health- Related Cultural Capital: Applying New Indicators for Explaining Healthy Lifestyle Ghaderi Mehdi Maleki Amir Ahmadnia Shirin 1 10 2016 16 62 9 58 30 01 2017 30 01 2017 Introduction: Healthy lifestyle as one of the most important measures to achieve health and wellbeing, is influenced by various factors, among which, having access to variety of health- related capitals, especially “health- related cultural capital” is particularly important. “Health-related cultural capital” refers to all culture-based resources that are available to people in order to employ in favor of their health. These recourses have a determining role in preventing and fighting chronic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effects of health-related cultural capital and its various aspects on healthy lifestyle among coronary artery patients . Method: A cross sectional survey study was applied.. The statistical population included individuals suffering from coronary artery diseases, aged over 50 years who were referred to Shahid Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center for treatment from January to June 2015. Using convenience sampling, 412 patients in 4 different wards (i.e. men internal ward, women internal ward, Diplomat and VIP) participated in this study. A researcher-designed questionnaire was used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by content validity and its reliability was assessed by the Cronbach's Alpha test which was equal to 0.914 for the variable “healthy lifestyle” and 0.862 for the variable “health-related cultural capital”. Data reduction was carried out via exploratory factor analysis. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software applying appropriate statistical tests such as the Independent Sample t Test, the Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient and Path Analysis. Findings: The descriptive findings showed that based on the total lifestyle scale, the healthy lifestyle status of the patients, before being afflicted by the disease, was lower than average.. Among various aspects of lifestyle, aspect of “Abstinence from tobacco and alcohol” was in the “desirable” state. However, aspect of “exercise and physical activity” was in the “undesirable” state. All other aspects were in the “average” state . The results of the Independent Sample t Test showed that there were statistically significant differences in the mean scores of the variables “Objective Health-related Cultural Capital” and “Institutional Health-related Cultural Capital” in terms of gender. That is, the mean scores of men were higher than the mean scores of women. Nonetheless, there was no statistically significant difference between men and women with regard to the variable “Incorporated Health-related Cultural Capital”. The results of the Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated that there was a positive and significant statistical relationship between health-related aspects of cultural capital and aspects of healthy lifestyle. Moreover, the results of the path analysis showed that 0.624 percent of the lifestyle changes can be explained by changes in three aspects of health-related cultural capital. Finally, among the three aspects of health-related cultural capital, the aspect of “incorporated health-related cultural capital” , withthe highest coefficient (0.460), was the most important predictor of the healthy lifestyle. Discussion: Cultural Resources are one of the most important factors determining the actions of individuals and it is also a basic prerequisite for the behavioral orientation of agents in structural environments. These resources, through the process of socialization, create behavior and tastes of people in various socio-economic status and from different generation. That is, the appropriate lifestyles will be created for that social class or generation. Promoting health-related cultural resources (such as knowledge, skills, values, norms, equipment and health promoting facilities , etc.) are considered the key elements in the production and reproduction of healthy lifestyles. Consequently, it leads to a reduction in socio-cultural inequalities in health domain in a way that prevention and fight against chronic diseases (i.e. heart disease, cancer, diabetes, etc.) will be provided for most actors in different (individual and collective) levels.
2678 Status and Barriers to Implementation of Family Physician Program in Iran Health System Shiani malihe Rashidian Arash Mohammadi Azar 1 10 2016 16 62 59 102 30 01 2017 30 01 2017 Introduction: Family physician program is one of the most important policies that has been proposed in the past decade in the field of health system. Hence the importance and necessity of  studying it originate from the importance and the status of health in development and welfare of a society. Therefore, this study  aims to investigate  the status and the process of the implementation of the Family Physician Program in Iran's health system. This study answers these questions that what is the  historical, legal and execution background of family physician program? And what are the challenges and obstacles to implement this program? Method: This research was a  qualitative study applying the purposive sampling method . .Data were collected through applying interview and document analysis techniques. The data drawn by interview were analyzed using content analysis, which was  based on coding. Results: Concurrent with detecting  the historical, legal and execution  background of the family physician program, executive barriers were identified   based on four categories: “dependency of plans to person and the impact of management and government changes on the national program”, “challenges emanating from the way  the tenth government supports  family physician program”, “cultural challenges” and “illegality and lack of political determination and commitment of senior officials”. Discussion: Family physician program that has been gradually introduced in the health system since 2002 should have been implemented across Iran, according to the existing law such as the fourth and fifth development plans. However, in practice  its implementation  was limited to villages and two provinces of Fars and Mazandaran and with different procedures . This study showed that many of the economic, social, political and cultural conditions  which had a key role in the success or failure of any program and should be taken into account in policy making were not satisfied. 2679 Investigating the Effect of Transportation Development Indicators on Road Traffic Casualties Shaykh Baygloo Rana 1 10 2016 16 62 103 141 30 01 2017 30 01 2017 Introduction: The number of decedents of road accidents within a year in Iran is equal to the population of one or some small cities. In these accidents, besides losing a large number of people and occurring serious injuries and disabilities for many individuals, other negative  economic, social and psychological consequences will happen. Considering the frequency and the intensity of accidents occurred in Iran’s road transportation, thisstudy investigated the effect of transportation development indicators on frequency of road accidents in provinces of Iran. Method: It was a descriptive-analytical and a practical study. It investigated Iran’s provinces’ conditions with regard to transportation indicators applying the composite indicators of development and deprivation. Moreover, the effects of these indicators on road accidents variables such as the number of the dead and injuries were studied using Pearson correlation coefficient and Regression analysis. Results: The results  showed that the provinces of Tehran, Isfahan and Mazandaran have better conditions in respect of indicators of road transportation development and the provinces of Ardebil, Sistan & Baluchestan and Southern Khorasan are less developed. More than 50% of changes in variable “Number of dead people” and more than 85% of changes in variable “Number of injured people” caused by road accidents were determined by linear combination of indicators under study. Moreover, those provinces with a high demand rate of transportation have less favorable conditions with regard to traffic safety. Discussion: Indicators regarding demand for travel such as   ‘transportation companies and institutions’, ‘safety’ and “transportation of passengers and goods” have a significant effect on accident casualties. In fact, more demand for travel leads to more risky behavior exhibition by drivers which, along with the poor quality of road safety lead to more road casualties.  2680 Studying the experience of playing the role of the job - family by female-headed households with an emphasis on subway female peddlers Rafatjah Maryam Rabiei Marjan 1 10 2016 16 62 143 186 30 01 2017 30 01 2017 Introduction: The family studies conducted worldwide revealed an  increase in female headed families. In the current situation, the increase in female headed families will lead to the increase in poverty and social vulnerability as well as a high prevalence of psychological pressure in the society. The increase in the number of working women, particularly those of female headed families who make a living by peddling their wares around the subways, can have an impact on changing the family patterns on the one hand, and reflects the changed patterns caused by the structural transformation in the family which is manifested in the social relations, on the other hand. This is a fact that our society is faced with the pressure of traditionalist cultural patterns regarding  men and women’s roles and gender-based division of labour, on the one hand, and it requires the acceptance of broader social and economic roles by  women and their higher  participation in accepting the responsibilities and solving the problems of the family life, on the other hand. This study aimed to identify the effects of performing multiple roles on ,  female peddlers in subways their attitudes toward themselves and their strategies to address the role pressure. Method: A qualitative study using observation techniques and semi-structured interviews with female peddlers in the subways was applied. Participants were chosen through snowball sampling, a non-probability sampling technique. Findings: This study approved the role accumulation theory and the role enhancement theory describe in the theoretical framework. The multiple roles of subway female peddlers (e.g.economic role, maternal role and housekeeping) provided them with a set of opportunities and constraints. Having a job was associated with developing skills and creating a regularly scheduled framework for life and it had minimized the psychological pressures caused by the conflict of the roles. Therefore, the results showed that having multiple roles does not affect women destructively. Discussion: The results of the study showed that although  approaches, such as role plurality, role conflict and the pressure of role overload lead these women to have adverse conditions in terms of anxiety, fatigue and depression compared to those women who accept only the traditional roles (e.g. housekeeping), having a job leads to  higher self-esteem, more financial independence as well as achieving  extensive social support. Moreover, by creating feelings of usefulness, a part of the psychological needs are met and their capability and self-confidence are increased. 2681 Shi’i – Sunni Desires of Childbearing in Rural-Urban Areas of Bojnord and Gonbad-Kavous Foroutan Yaghoob Eazy Elaheh Sadat Naeimi Somayyeh 1 10 2016 16 62 187 223 30 01 2017 30 01 2017 Introduction: This article examines patterns and determinants associated with childbearing desires and specifically focus on religious dimensions. Although in our society, religious considerations strongly influence life and personal and social behaviour in various aspects such as childbearing desires, few studies have been conducted in this area. This lack of study is more visible with regard to comparative studies between two groups of Shia and Sunni. Therefore, this article presents research-based and experience-based evidence to explore some of the most important patterns and determinants associated with relationships between childbearing desires and religious affiliation focusing on a comparative study between Shias and Sunnis. Method: This article is based on a survey conducted in rural and urban areas of Bojnord and Gonbad-Kavous. Applying Cochran’s sampling techniques and multistage cluster sampling method 870 males and females aged 15 years old and over participated in this study.  Two different samples were chosen to facilitate more accurate investigation of research questions. In other words, the religious groups of this study lived in economically and socially different societies. Therefore, comparing the childbearing desires of each religious group of the two sample groups provided accurate investigation of the research question, that is, whether the patterns associated with childbearing desires are affected by socioeconomic status of religious groups or they are affected by their religious affiliation. Data were analysed using SPSS. Findings: ‘two child’ families  were recognized as the most prominent and desirable pattern of childbearing in both Shia and Sunni groups.Similar patterns associated with other determinants of childbearing desires (such as marriage patterns, birth increase policies and gender preference) were also observed. On the contrary, preferred fertility patterns of "childlessness" and "one-child” were not acceptable to and common in both religious groups. Comparative findings emphasized the importance of the effects of the demographic variables, such as gender and place of living on childbearing desires. Discussion: Although there are important differences in childbearing desires between religious groups, the findings of the present study are consistent with   theories of Kaufman and Skirbekk (2012) which state that religious affiliation plays a secondary role  in  explaining patterns of childbearing. 2682 A Survey on Life Style and Relevant Social Determinants in Students of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences Nouroozi Faizollah Petrami Azar 1 10 2016 16 62 225 277 30 01 2017 30 01 2017 Introduction: Lifestyle is one of the important contemporary concepts.. It is a part of life that happens in reality and includes a full range of activities that people do in everyday life. . In this study, different  types of lifestyle of students of the University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences and the  social determinants affecting it were studied. Considering  the topic, different types of sociological theories of different sociologists such as Veblen, Simmel, Bourdieu, Putname, Giddens, Chaney, Fazeli, Patterson were investigated as well as psychological theories of people such as Ericsson, Adler and Kurt Lewin. Method: 313 undergraduate, master’s degree and PhD students participated in this survey study. Sampling was conducted using Cochran sampling formula and stratified probability sampling. The Survey instrument was a researcher made questionnaire.  After conducting a pre-test with 30 questionnaires and confirming the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, the data were collected and analyzed by SPSS Software. Lifestyle was studied in 4 categories of body management, health, consumption and leisure time and in terms of lifestyle features, students were divided into 3 groups of traditional, modern and combined. In order to test the hypotheses, Pearson correlation coefficient, T and F independent tests,  multiple regression and path analysis were used. Findings: The findings demonstrated that among the variety of lifestyles (modern, traditional and combined), the majority of students (60.1 percent) had a combined lifestyle. Also, the results showed that education, age and social capital were significantly correlated with lifestyle, while the correlation of employment status, duration of stay in the city and gender with dependent variables was not statistically significant. Regression coefficients  indicated that the lifestyle was directly and positively influenced by social capital and age(age variable with ß= 0.21 and social capital variable with ß= 0.15 have the greatest impact on the independent variable). Although other independent variables (employment status, education, gender and duration of stay in the city) indirectly had marginal influence on their lifestyle, their total impact on the independent variable was negative. Discussion: This study showed that with increasing age (between the ages of 20-50) the students’ lifestyle  becomes more modern and among the social determinants, age has the greatest impact on the lifestyle. That is, the older they get, the more diverse their needs become and as a result their lifestyle will be more modern. Therefore, it seems that besides the mentioned determinants, other determinants play a role in forming the students’ lifestyle. Moreover, among the variety of lifestyles (modern, traditional and combined), the majority of students have a combined lifestyle which indicates that despite urbanization and modernity, maintaining traditional values among young people has its own importance and this can be the influence of our Iranian culture and religious teachings. 2686 Social, and psychological treatment of childhood obesity Razavi Nasim Ahadi Hassan Saramiforooshan GHolam Reaz 1 10 2016 16 62 279 322 31 01 2017 31 01 2017 Introduction: The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased in developed and developing countries. Obesity is a metabolic disorder that is related to many diseases and can be caused by one factor or a chain of factors. Moreover, childhood obesity will most probably turn into adult obesity. Various research indicates that obesity is caused by the interaction of genes, psycho-social factors and environmental variables. Regardless of the true belief that obesity is caused by a mixture of factors, health viewpoints merely study individuals. In other words, these viewpoints neglect the structure of society and interest of power groups which make obesity an economic-political phenomenon as well as a genetic, biological, psychological and behavioral phenomenon. Therefore, it should be accepted that genetics is not the only reason for the high prevalence of obesity in developed and developing countries. Other factors such as environmental, behavioral and psycho-social factors play a role as well, specially in the era of globalization. Critical Review: In reviewing the available treatments for obesity, all unilateral treatments are being challenged. Treatments which only modify nutrition or physical activity are being questioned in terms of efficiency and maintenance of weight loss. Combined treatments for lifestyle modification which take nutrition and physical activity modifications into account, have resulted in efficiency improvement. However, they do not take psychological factors causing and maintaining obesity into account. Review of “cognitive behavioral therapy” points out that, in many studies, this model has been successfully used for losing or maintaining weight. However, applying this model with or without involving parents is a question that affects arrangement of the therapy.  On the path of change from second to third wave of psychology, obesity treatments had an eye on mindfulness interventions, however, as they are new therapies more research needs to be done to  evaluate them more precisely.           Discussion: This study tried to investigate childhood obesity issues, its common treatments and their shortages by introducing the internal logic of capitalism and emphasizing on the capitalism lifestyle, excessive food consumption patterns and the development of unhealthy dietary pattern for capital accumulation. It considered social determinants and contemporary environmental changes to challenge environmental and social structure and to emphasize on the need for immediate obesity treatment. It also identified factors affecting the treatment of obesity in children. 2683 Comparing Iran's per capita welfare changes Due to Increase in Inequality in 2003 and 2011 shirdel Ramin Sadeghi Hossein asari Arani Abbas Abdoli GHaraman 1 10 2016 16 62 324 358 30 01 2017 30 01 2017 Introduction: The most important problem of Iran’s economy in 2010s  was decline in financial strength of government for continuing economic subsidies, which led to failure to start and continue infrastructural and vital projects . Also, it changed  the optimum social consumption habit . These reasons caused the government to start  economic reform (such as liberalization of energy conduit prices ),which was called economic evolution plan, from the winter of 2010. Beside these reforms, external shocks such as oil price increase caused a deep effect on Iran’s main economic variables such as inequality.  This research aimed to investigate the effect of inequality changes on the welfare per capita in this period .  . In other words, the effect of changes in income distribution (inequality) on welfare on 2011 compared to 2003. Method: The marginal utility of consumption was used as the determinant of welfare per capita. To measure welfare, Bergson – Samuelson model was applied, which considers both effects of income on welfare and income distribution. The Bergson -Samuelson model’s marginal utility of consumption  is generated from two parameters; the consumption per capita and the elasticity of marginal utility of consumption / income. The second parameter is an indicator for  inequality. There are some different methods for calculation of the elasticity, but  behavioral evidence  and  revealed social values approaches are two reliable of them which were  used in this paper. Considering that welfare changes were calculated for a period of eight years, the results can be used in the long-term policy making. . Results: The results showed that Iran’s welfare per capita decreased by 5.23 percent in 2011 compared to 2003 due to increase in inequality It is worth mentioning that  in this period, inequality aversion  increased. Discussion: The elasticity of marginal utility of consumption in Iran for 1965-2003 and 1982-2011 was equal to  1.56   and 1.92 respectively,   which show inequality aversion. In fact, this aversion caused  a 5.23 percent decrease in welfare per capita in Iran. Also, based on the revealed social values approach, the marginal utility of consumption elasticity is equal to 1, which is not reliable due to the high share of oil revenues on the government’s income. 2684 Relation between Social Capital and Political Participation (Case Study: Qom Citizens) Habibpoor Gatabi karam Mosavi Korshidi Seyed Hamid reaza 1 10 2016 16 62 359 391 30 01 2017 30 01 2017 Introduction: Desirable transition of contemporary society of Iran from traditional to modern order requires political participation of citizens. To achieve this participation, important prerequisites including social capital are required. In this  regard, social capital is an important factor which determination of its role andeffects on political participation and  activating its potential force  are being considered in scientific communities recently.   Recognition of social capital is important to provide political participation and to facilitate political development and promotion of democracy. Therefore, it has been assumed that social capital increases individuals’ potential of political action and increases the probability of their political engagement.  Accordingly, present research examines the relation between social capital and political participation among citizens applying Robert Putnam’s theory.   Method: Using a mixture of multi-stages cluster, systematic random and simple random sampling methods,  383 citizens aged 18-65 years old at city of Qom  participated in this survey study.  Findings: There  was a positive relation between all components of social capital and political participation among Qom citizens. Although according to results of the multiple regression analysis, out of four predictor variables including social trust, social integration, knowledge and informal social participation, only two variables of knowledge and informal social participation had direct effect on political participation giving more weight to knowledge.  However, results of the path analysis showed that all of these four variables had affected  political participation of Qom citizens  directly, indirectly and  simultaneously (both direct and indirect). Knowledge, informal social participation, social trust and social solidarity had the most influence respectively. Therefore, citizens  with higher political participation are those who have more knowledge, social trust, informal social participation and show more consistency with values and norms of the society.        Discussion: Although knowledge, social trust, informal social participation and social integration had effects on citizens’ political participation  directly and indirectly,knowledge is the central part of social capital that increases citizens’ political participation while strengthening its other elements. In addition,  considering mutual relations among elements of social capital, strengthening knowledge can positively influence other components of social capital such as social integration, social trust (especially institutional trust) and informal social participation. In fact, whatever knowledge element be more qualified, on-time and practical in public spheres (social-political), it will resulted to rising of citizens’ political participation at higher and more levels.