per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Social Welfare Quarterly
1735-8191
2010-10
10
38
7
40
article
The Relationship between Citizens\' Awareness of the Citizenship Rights and Organization\'s Accountability and Transparency
A. A. Pourezzat
1
A. Gholipor
2
H. Baghestani
3
Objectives: The awareness of citizens leads to access to their rights. In addition
to natural rights (that are noted in many investigations) people have rights that
are called social rights. This survey investigates some rights that are related to
the responsibilities and missions of urban management. With revising of the
notion of active citizenship, citizens need purposive participation. So activeness
is required for being a perfect citizen. This survey investigates the condition of
active citizenship in Tehran society and the relation between citizens' awareness
of the citizenship rights and the development of active citizenship, municipality's
accountability, and transparency.
Methodology: in this survey citizens of three regions of Tehran are selected 381.
Questionnaire was used for data gathering and Spss version 15 and Lisrel version
8/53 for analyzing. One-sample t-test, Independent Samples T Test, Analysis of
variance, Repeated Measures, Pearson test and path analysis were applied for
analyzing.
Findings & Results: increasing of citizens’ awareness of rights is related to the
development of active citizenship, unicipality's accountability, and transparency.
Likewise level of awareness and active citizenship in different departments of
Municipality are various, so it is strongly suggested that city managers should set
their correction planning according to continental approaches for unsuitable
quality and in some departments the suitable required situation should be kept.
Ke
http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-355-en.pdf
Citizens\' Rights
Active citizenship
municipality\'s accountability
municipality\'s transparency
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Social Welfare Quarterly
1735-8191
2010-10
10
38
41
64
article
Factor Related to Citizenship Commitment
S. Fateminia
1
S. Haidari
2
Objective: Citizens have many rights and commitments. "Citizenship
commitments" induce social order and make social affairs predictable. Such a
concept due to its nature and meaning holds relation with entire subjects and
debates of currently human and social fields.
Method: This research is a survey on citizens over the age of 18 in Tehran city.
Sampling method is compound of classified and random method.
Social capital has two dimensions: participaion and trust. It is measured by
personal and impersonal trust and participaion in privacy and public spheres.
insecurity has four dimensions financial, collective, thinking and body
insecurity. Relative social deprivation measured by compare of self with
generalized others. Anomy has measured in four dimensions of social, cultural,
economical and politic anomy. Citizenship commitment include behavioral and
sense of (generalized) commitments. Sense of commitment measured by level of
belonging to the society and country and behavioral commitments measured by
respect to the law, pay tax, tamper, etc.
Findings: social capital and universalism have significant positive impact and
feeling of insecurity and social anomy had significant negative impact upon
citizenship commitments. In addition, feeling of insecurity has three indirect
impacts upon citizenship commitments via social capital, universalism and social
anomy. Women have more commitment than men. Also older people have more
commitment than younger.
Results: There is relation between micro and macro levels. In order to analysis
the affecting factors on citizenship commitments, it is necessary to take the role
of macro structure in to account, especially power structure. Thus despotism
makes a social psychology which reduces citizenship commitments. It can be
concluded that despotism decrease citizenship commitments and in the extreme
it could delay going toward civil society and it could reproduce structures related
to despotism.
As most important research variable feeling of insecurity has direct and indirect
effect on citizenship commitment. It has indirect effect via social capital,
universalism and anomy. The best result of this research is that despotism can be
most important factor that affect on citizenship commitment
http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-356-en.pdf
Citizenship
Commitments
Social Capital
Feeling of Insecurity
Universalism
Anomy
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Social Welfare Quarterly
1735-8191
2010-10
10
38
65
88
article
Factors Related to Citizenship Identity in Tehran
M.A. Mohammadi
1
M. Sheyani
2
P. Roshanfekr
3
Objective: Citizenship identity as it is understood from the component words is
a kind of distinction and recognition of intimates from outsiders which has a
historical background. Meaning of citizenship holds the concepts such as rights,
responsibilities and duties, as well as a sense of belonging that in accordance
with others and executive agencies will be meaningful and Indicates a kind of
“institutionalized acceptance” in the scale of values, knowledge and
consciousness, abilities, skills and expectations of society.
Method: It is a cross-sectional survey and population is people 15 years old and
above resident in Tehran with a 450 sample in 30 locality located in up, middle
and down of town from 10 Tehran regional municipality. Tool of this survey was
questionnaire and its validity was confirmed by the formal and content method
through the expert group and its Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.705.
Findings: citizenship identity of 80.6 percent of respondents is weak and
moderate Among citizenship identity dimensions assessment of democratic
norms, civil commitment and enjoyment of citizenship rights respectively
(average 34.8%, , 36.86% and 37.72%) were the lowest values in respondents
view. By multivariate analysis, the model selected for this study had four
variables social trust, sense of belonging, individual and collective identity
explained 38.3% of variance of the dependent variable.
Results: In order to promote and increase the citizenship identity in horizontal
dimension (people relations within the community) collective identity and sense
of general belonging must be strengthened, and in the vertical dimension
(citizens and government relations) before anything should promote and restore
people’s trust to the officials.
http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-357-en.pdf
Identity
Citizenship
Citizenship Identity
Tehran town
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Social Welfare Quarterly
1735-8191
2010-10
10
38
89
103
article
Factors Related Feeling of Citizenship Among the Students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz
S.A. Nabavi
1
F. Ershad
2
S.H. Fazel
3
Objective: Citizenship is not just a situation in which a person has a set of rights
and duties, but it serves the two ideas of situation and feeling. Feeling of
citizenship is an important aspect of citizenship that plays a great role in
strengthening social bases in a society.
Feeling refers to view and attitudes, and citizenship in its full meaning is an
attitude. Citizens should be such individuals whose behaviors benefit their
community i.e. they should be good citizens. Citizenship feeling is a key
motivation for the practice of citizenship. Thus, it is clear that feeling of
citizenship has great importance in creating the status of citizenship and it is a
necessity to prevent deep gaps in contemporary democracy and lots of social
inconvenience has root in weak citizenship feeling. As amongst different groups
in society - university students due to their population in Iran, special views and
their effectiveness on the social attitudes - have great value, this article attempts
to study and measure citizenship feeling among the students of Shahid Chamran
University of Ahwaz.
Method: The study is based on a questionnaire survey among 386 students of
Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz using. stratified sampling method in term
of faculty. In order to enhance validation of the respective questionnaire, face
validity is used and in the research there applied Cronbach's Alpha test and the
co-efficient obtained for reliability of citizenship feeling index is 0.76.
Findings and Results: variables such as parents education, as well as the
proportion to which individuals follow and discuss the news, and social and
political events have meaningful effects on the feeling of citizenship while
variables such as sex, ethnicity, level of studies and field of studies have no
meaningful effects on it.
http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-358-en.pdf
resource accessibility
citizenship
feeling of citizenship
personality system
students
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Social Welfare Quarterly
1735-8191
2010-10
10
38
105
140
article
Identity and Knowledge Sources Role in Social Capital Formations
M. Renani
1
H. Daliri
2
R. Moayedfar
3
Objectives: social capital is a concept developed in sociology an also used in
business, organizational behavior, political science and economics. In this article
the process of social capital formation in a sample of university students is
reported.
Method: To develop an empirical model, we have assumed that individuals have
two kinds of sources to form their social capitals: “identity sources” and
“knowledge sources”. Moreover, we assumed that these sources are “necessary
sources” not “sufficient sources”. The social capital would be produced, if these
sources could be evolved to the social trust, the social norms and the social nets.
Therefore, the research tries to answer this question: to what extent do these
sources affect the social capital formation. The research method is survey. A
sample of 199 students were randomly selected from a list of registered students
for 2008 in the Faculty of Administrative Studies and Economics at the
University of Isfahan (Iran).
Findings: For estimation of the empirical model we used the OLS method to
find how the “identity” and “knowledge” sources affect the internal values of
individuals. For this, human capital was used as the main proxy of knowledge
sources and the religious beliefs was used as the main proxy of identity sources
Results: The estimation results show that, in the selected sample, the identity
sources (religious beliefs) has had a positive and significant effect on the social
capital formation, though, there is no such a relationship between the social
capital formation and the knowledge sources (human capital). Furthermore, we
found that males had a higher level of social capital than females.
http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-359-en.pdf
social capital
human capital
identity sources
knowledge sources
trust
social participation
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Social Welfare Quarterly
1735-8191
2010-10
10
38
141
169
article
Relationship Between Mass Media Consumption And Households Of Khormuj City
Gh. R. Jafarinia
1
Objections: Today, one of the issues that perpetuate social and sustainable
relationships plays an effective role in society, is social capital. The main
purpose of this article, the role of mass media measurement in increasing social
capital among households, the city is Khormoj. Theoretical frameworkfrom
theorists and social capital in particular is Bordiou. Four indicators of social
capital of trust and reliability, type norms, join social networks and knowledge
and attention to public affairs, political and social operation and mass media in
the media print and electronic media is considered.
Method: This paper survey methods and tools questionnaire interviews of 400
households, the city of the table Lin sampling and random sampling were
systematically collected information was to obtain validity and reliability of tool
Face validity and Cronbach alpha was used To evaluate the assumptions of
correlation and mean comparison test and evaluate the research model of
regression were performed
Findings: Results of research shows that social capital variables in both print
and electronic media after the four dimensions of social capital (trust and
reliability, type norms, join social networks and knowledge and attention to
public affairs, political and social) relationship is signifcant. Naturally, at the
regression between two variables the membership at the nets and the social
consiousness as the social capital don t have any correlation and with the others
dimension have correlation.
http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-360-en.pdf
Social Capital
Print Media
Electronic Media
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Social Welfare Quarterly
1735-8191
2010-10
10
38
171
191
article
Relationship between Social Capital and Collective Action in Rural Areas
S.M. Majedi
1
A.A . Lahsaeizadeh
2
Objectives: This paper investigates the relationship between social capital and
collective action in some rural areas of Fars province and at the same time study
determining factors affecting the social capital formation.
Method: This research was carried out with survey method in the 12 villages of
Fars province and selected a sample of 509 head of households.
Findings: among indicators of social capital, trust has the highest effect on
collective action and among determinants, empowerment, place attachment and
communication had most effect on social capital.
The results of research showed that eight variables, (number of household
members, education of head of household, wealth index, house ownership, place
attachment, empowerment, communication and type of village) from thirteen
variables considered as determinants of social capital have a significant relation
with Social capital.
http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-361-en.pdf
Social capital. determinant
collective action
place attachment. empowerment.
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Social Welfare Quarterly
1735-8191
2010-10
10
38
193
220
article
Measuring Bridging Social Capital: Sam Scale
M. Adibi
1
B. Yazdkhasti
2
A . Rabbani
3
A. Lotfyzadeh
4
Objective: we measured concept of bridging social capital by a new tool . All
items used in the scale are in agreement with the theoretical literature on this
concept.
Method: The research method was survey. The sample population was 376
students of Isfahan university which were sampled through cluster sampling of
multiple stages. After making a list and confirming the validity of questions by
professors of social work and sociology, its reliability was confirmed through
cronbach alpha coefficient.
Findings: Bridging social capital must be measured in three different
dimensions: Different Interests, Different Lifestyle , and outgroups.
Results: Our scale is not only highly reliable, but also valid.
http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-362-en.pdf
Bridging Social Capital
Heterophilous
Social Identity Complexity
Structural Holes
Weak Ties
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Social Welfare Quarterly
1735-8191
2010-10
10
38
221
243
article
Relationship between Voluntary Associations Membership and Social Trust (A Case Study of Mazandaran University Students)
Kh . Gholamzadeh
1
M. Sharepour
2
Statement of the problem: In this article relationship between social trust and
civil society (with emphasis on voluntary associations) is empirically examined.
In addition, this article attempts to answer this question: what kind of
relationship is there between voluntary associations membership and social trust?
Method: 457 students of Mazandaran University were chosen and the
questionnaires were distributed among them according to proportionate stratified
sampling.
Findings: Members of voluntary associations did not have higher social trust
compared with non-members, but the members of these associations, had higher
civil society variables (awareness of social news, satisfaction of life, reciprocity
norms and positive attitude toward law enforcement) and fewer non-civil society
variables (insecurity, feeling of opportunism and feeling of alienation) and this
variables had relationship with social trust.
Results: voluntary associations are important for having more civil society
variables (such as reciprocity norms and positive attitude toward law
enforcement) and less non-civil society variables (such as feeling of insecurity
and feeling of alienation) but since civil society variables were in low level and
non-civil society variables were in high level, voluntary associations could not
show high level of social trust directly.
http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-363-en.pdf
social capital
social trust
civil society
voluntary associations
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Social Welfare Quarterly
1735-8191
2010-10
10
38
245
268
article
Participation in Urban Affairs and Its Requirements in City of Tehran
M. Musai
1
M . Shiani
2
Problems statement: New millennium started while more than half of world
population lives in cities. This issue requires attendance of the citizens in affairs
managemanet along with necessity of equipment, demands and needs. The
important point is barriers and prohibiting factors which prevent participation.
This article intends to answer these questions by reliance on research findings in
2009 that how much the Tehran citizens tend to participate in urban affairs and
what factors they follow and what their contripation in urban affairs?
Methodology: It’s a survey using questionnaire and interview to gather
information. For sampling, districts of the city were classified in terms of
economic and social differences and then 1370 families were studied on the basis
of population of each group in 22 districts of Tehran.
Finding: Reinfocement of participation requires motivation, feeling of
attachment to others and societies. The more the scope of attachment to city and
district, the more the tenency of person to participation n urban affairs.
Reinforcement of participation equires awareness, trust, satisfaction feeling and
tendency to cooperation with urban associations and establishing strong
relationship between citizens and urban managers. There should be trust and
experience of cooperation with urban associations so that people become
satisfied in addition to better performance. When the people are not sufficiently
aware and are not informed of the strategies, they will not be satisfied with
associations relating to ubran affairs and consequently, there will be no other
participation. Although extent of participation of the persons in Tehran urban
affairs is law, there are some differences between the districts.
Results: Participation in urban affairs can be regarded as external requirements
of the urban problems which are realized by democratizing the society,
decentralizing and empowering different classes. In this regard, organized,
Formal and planned models will be the best strategies along with spontaneous
participations.
http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-364-en.pdf
citizenship and urban management
participation
Tehran
urban affairs * Ph.
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Social Welfare Quarterly
1735-8191
2010-10
10
38
269
291
article
Economic Policies and Social Problems in Iran
1
2
Objectives: Goal-directed subsidies because of its nature can affect all aspects of
Iranian life. This scheme is not only an economic program but also affects other
aspects of social life including: welfare and economic situation of society, labor
market, income, expenditure and consumption pattern models of family and
social problems such as poverty and inequality, drug abuse, family problem, etc.
It is clear that diagnosis of all positive and negative outcomes of this scheme can
be useful for mediating negative outcomes and improving positive outcomes.
Method: this study is a critical review on the effects of goal-directed subsidies
on some social problems in Iran.
Findings and Results: Based on this review it can be argued that goal-directed
subsidies affect social problems directly and indirectly.
http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-365-en.pdf
Critical review
Social problems
goal-directed subsidies
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Social Welfare Quarterly
1735-8191
2010-10
10
38
293
328
article
Subsidies, Price Disturbances, Institutional – Structural Inefficiencies
A. Dini*
1
Objectives: To implement goal-directed subsidies policy in framework of the its
law is being seriously followed by state. Implementing this policy as it has been
defined in the law could be a deep surgery of economy with big negative
consequences both in demand and supply sides if its theoretical foundation is
wrong. Hence, this paper aims to evaluate the theoretical sufficiency of
Neoclassical Big Bang approach to economy reforms.
Method: The used method in this paper in called as critical analytical approach
in which theoretical fallacies of goal-directed subsidies policy has been argued
and documented to relative data. After introducing the Big Bang approach to
economy reforms and its theoretical foundation, it’s criticized using a structuralinstitutional
approach to main causes of Iranian economic problems and showed
that this policy will fail in reaching to the defined aims due to its incorrect
perception of main causes of problems. It seems that this policy is based on some
methodological mistakes in estimation of subsidies and also identifying the poor
which have been argued in the rest parts of paper.
Findings: If the main root of Iranian economic problems is related more to
organizational inefficiencies than price inefficiencies, goal-directed subsidies
policy could not be a correct policy in treating the problems. Overestimation of
subsidies which is related to some wrong methodological perceptions of
subsidies could lead to wrong price decision making. There are two errors in
identifying the poor which could decrease the efficiency of this policy.
Result: If there is a necessity to make a price reform in economy it would be
better to follow the graduate price reform
http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-366-en.pdf
subsidies
goal-directed subsidies
price inefficiencies
organizational infficiences. *
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Social Welfare Quarterly
1735-8191
2010-10
10
38
329
366
article
Economic Policies Social Justice and Agricultural Sector
F . Momeni
1
Background: Theoretically, a vital factor in development has been the resilience
and strength of socio-economic system to confront instabilities and crises. The
precaution, however, is that an error might be committed, where, instead of
finding the root causes of diseases we are mobilizing the forces to confront the
signs of illness, leaving the diseases to grow and damage the lesser developed
sectors and areas.
Research Method: We have tried to illustrate analytically the negative impact of
shocks going to be injected to energy derivatives emphasizing mainly on
agricultural sector and evaluating it in terms of social justice.
Findings & Results: Shock therapy in agricultural sector is a baseless attempt
and would not lead to the expected result. However, due to certain reasons that I
have classified them under five headings showing that agriculture sector being
inflexible enough and highly sensitive to outside shocks. It may generate
instabilities of various kinds leading to deterioration of economic welfare and
stagnatory tendencies in national economy. We have discussed the main reasons
for such anemia and revealing reasons for such baseless impression to regard it a
step towards social justice. In the end, in order to avoid such shock therapy we
have given some suggestions which the most important among them are giving
Priority to non-price variables, and paying more attention to the vulnerability of
agriculture sector and rural development and its structural and institutional
requisities.
http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-367-en.pdf
Agriculture sector
social justice
subsidy
structural
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Social Welfare Quarterly
1735-8191
2010-10
10
38
367
387
article
Welfare Effects of Agricultural Policies in Wheat and Bread Markets
A . Dourandish
1
Hosseini S.S.
2
A . Nikoukar
3
Evaluation of agricultural policies is an important issue in agricultural economics
literature. Economists evaluate policies on base of their welfare effects. The
objective of this study is Outcome subsidies removing for wheat and bread and
its effect on producers and consumers. The minimization of changes in welfare
loss is used in this study.
The results of the welfare outcomes in wheat market show that government
protects consumers more than producers by using consumption subsidy and
guarantee price simultaneously. The optimizations of governments’ policy in
wheat market reduce governments’ cost and welfare loss by reduction in
protection from consumers. The results of optimization in wheat market policies
shows that government costs and loss of social participation through lowering
the main consumer protection were reduced. Per capita consumption of bread
and share the cost of household food costs after adopting the optimum level of
policy tools will dramatically change and optimal level of policy decisions on the
bread cost share of rural household is more than urban households
http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-368-en.pdf
welfare loss
boot strop
guarantee price
subsidy prices
wheat
per
دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی
Social Welfare Quarterly
1735-8191
2010-10
10
38
389
427
article
Measuring Household Vulnerability to Poverty in City Of Tehran
H. raghfar
1
L . Sane
2
Objective: Poverty alleviation is an essential step to achieve economic
development. This is why identification exercise is so crucial. Traditionally,
different aspects of insecurities have not be taken into poverty measurement.
Many types of insecurities have adverse impacts on household welfare.
Identifying vulnerability of household can serve identification of the poor
households.
Methodology: This study measures degree of vulnerability of households to
poverty in city of Tehran. The poor households' characteristics are some of the
main causes of their poverty persistence. The poor households usually suffer
from lack of adequate education of their head of household. The large size of the
poor households is another factor affects their poverty persistence. Gender and
age of the poor head of households are two important characteristics affect
degree of their vulnerability. Obviously employment status and income of the
head of households are two crucial factors determining their vulnerability. Data
used in this study is pooled micro-data of household expenditure surveys from
1993 – 2007, collected by Statistical Center of Iran.
Findings & results: Findings of this study can provide a guide for subsidy
targeting. The logit model has been used to measure degree of vulnerability of
the household residents of the city of Tehran. Some of the findings show that the
larger is the size of the households, the higher is the degree of vulnerability. Age
and gender of the head of households are two main determinants of the
household vulnerability. The level of education of the head of household is
another important determinant of vulnerability to poverty. The higher is the level
of education, the lower is degree of vulnerability. Employment status is another
important determinant of vulnerability to poverty, it is expected
http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-369-en.pdf
poverty
vulnerability
poverty line
logit model. logit model
poverty
poverty line
vulnerability