Social Welfare

fa مطالعه خرده‌فرهنگ هم‌باشی در کلان‌شهر تهران (شرایط، زمینه‌ها و پیامدها) Studying the cohabitation subculture in metropolis Tehran (backgrounds and consequents) خانواده اصیل orginal 1. پوران امیدوار دانشجوی دکترای جامعه‌شناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، علوم اجتماعی، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول) <omidvar_p@yahoo.com> 2. پروانه دانش دکتر جامعه‌شناس، دانشگاه پیام نور، علوم اجتماعی، تهران، ایران 3. فاطمه جواهری دکتر جامعه‌شناس، دانشگاه خوارزمی، علوم اجتماعی، تهران، ایران 4. محمدجواد زاهدی مازندرانی دکتر جامعه‌شناس، دانشگاه پیام نور، علوم اجتماعی، تهران، ایران مقدمه: در طی سالهای اخیر هنجارها و ارزشهای حاکم بر زندگی خانوادگی در سراسر جهان تغییر یافته است، جامعه ما نیز در این زمینه تحولات گسترده‌ای را تجربه کرده است ازجمله آنها می‌توان به شکل‌گیری خرده‌فرهنگ هم‌باشی در کلان‌شهر تهران اشاره کرد. این شیوه تعامل بین دو جنس شاید در ممالک دیگر امری عادی باشد، اما در جامعه ما به‌عنوان یک شوک فرهنگی در نظر گرفته می‌شود. این مقاله در پی مطالعه خرده‌فرهنگ هم‌باشی و برخی آثار آن در شهر تهران است. روش: این پژوهش با روش تحقیق کیفی و مصاحبه‌های عمیق در بین نمونه‌ای متشکل از 20 نفر از افرادی که تجربه زیسته هم‌باشی در شهر تهران را دارند به انجام رسیده است. یافته‌ها: مقوله‌ها و زیرمقوله‌های استخراج شده نشان داد که فردگرایی، بازاندیشی، تفاوت نسلی، فاصله بین بلوغ جنسی و بلوغ اقتصادی، هزینه-سود به‌عنوان شرایط علی، مهاجرت شغلی-تحصیلی، سبک زندگی، تقدس‌زدایی از ازدواج به‌عنوان شرایط زمینه‌ای، آشنایی با زندگی هم‌باشی افراد دیگر و تجربه دوستی با جنس مخالف به‌عنوان شرایط مداخله‌گر و بازتعریف نقشهای جنسیتی و اعتقاد به برابری در بین زوجهای هم‌باش به‌عنوان راهبردها (استراتژی) مشخص شده است. پیامدهای زندگی هم‌باشی بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش به دو دسته فردی و اجتماعی قابل تقسیم است. داغ ننگ، آسیب‌پذیری دختران، بی‌ثباتی در زندگی هم‌باشها به‌عنوان پیامدهای فردی، کاهش تعاملات اجتماعی، کاهش کارکرد خانواده به‌عنوان پیامدهای اجتماعی در نظر گرفته شده است. بحث: گرایش به سمت خرده‌فرهنگ هم‌باشی به‌موازات حرکت جامعه به‌سوی مدرنیته و گسترش ارتباطات و تحولات فرهنگی ناشی از آن بوده است و در افراد هم‌باش، دل‌بستگی و تعهدی که باید نسبت به ارزشهای پذیرفته شده در جامعه باشد کمرنگ شده است؛ بنابراین می‌توان گفت، رشد فردگرایی و عقلانیت در بین افراد جامعه، بازتولید نشدن ارزشهای نسل قبل در بین نسل جدید، بازاندیشگی در بین نسل جوان و... در کاهش اهمیت ازدواج و علاقه‌مندی به شیوه‌های جدید ارتباط بین زن و مرد تأثیرگذار است.  </omidvar_p@yahoo.com> Expended Abstract Introduction: In recent years, new methods of relationship between both sexes have emerged which have no family framework. Today, some girls and boys are living together although they have not got married legally and formally; based on a mutual agreement for an unspecified time. Some scholars express that Iran’s society has faced with increasing waves of changes in values and norms by expanding new communicational facilities. The process of value changes including the increase in the divorce rate, increasing the percentage of female-headed households, prevalence pair selecting pattern by himself/herself, and differences between generations have created remarkable changes in marriage desirability. A subculture is a life style by a group within a larger culture which accepts a lot of life styles in that larger culture, but it is different from the larger culture in many aspects and faces against the public culture. This study tries to answer these questions: first, what are the backgrounds and consequences of expanding cohabitation subculture in the metropolis of Tehran? second, how can the cohabitation subculture provide a field for decreasing the marriage importance and family formation? The researchers will work on coding the payments. Albert Cohen, Giddens, Peter Blow, Bowman, Weber, Simmel, and Inglehart’s idea has been used to construct the conceptual framework for this research. Method: Qualitative methodology has been used as the prevailing method in this study and the grounded theory method was applied for data analysis. The grounded theory is a method of quality analysis, and  it includes some distinctive features, such as theoretical sampling, the use of continuous comparisons, and coding procedures that explain complex phenomena. Besides, due to the sensitivity of the subject and the fact that the couples were not easily accessible, and they were not from a specific community, available sampling was used to find the target respondents for the interview. After finding the respondents and conducting 20 interviews, the researchers achieved theoretical saturation. Findings: According to the research findings, it can be said that some casual conditions which have resulted in the formation of cohabitation subculture in society are the distance between sexual maturity and economic maturity, individualism, generation difference, rethinking, and considering cost-benefit. Marriage and family formation was a priority for the past generation after reaching the maturity age, but for a new generation, the priority is with getting higher university degrees and finding a suitable job after graduation. On the other hand, marriage and family formation following the traditional customs have high costs. Therefore, there will be a distance between the sexual maturity and the economic one. Non-responsibility can also be regarded as another reason for leading cohabitors towards this kind of life. The interviewees believe that no responsibility has been imposed on them in life, and they feel their life conditions are more comfortable than the traditional marriage. They prefer to have a relaxed life without any responsibilities forcing them to have commitment to others. These behaviors show individualism is likely to be on the rise in persons. The interviewees also said that if they encounter problems, first of all they refer to their friends and ask for help, and their social relationships are limited to travelling with friends. Most cohabitors hide this way of living from their families; instead they prefer to take this matter up with their friends. These factors show big changes between two generations’ values. Cohabitors break the social norms and create new values by their deconstruction. The role of a man and woman in life and their duties after the life formation is clear for both of them in traditional marriage and life, but cohabitors have changed the duties which are entrusted to each pair and have no obligation in doing so. Further, the cohabitors tend to maximize their own benefits, a temporary relationship which meets their needs and have the most benefits and can exit the relationship with the lowest cost. The background conditions on forming cohabitation subculture are educational and job migration, changing the life style and devotion of marriage. Most students who come to Tehran for continuing education do not like to return to their cities because of the  opportunities for finding a suitable job in Tehran. Living in a big city where people pay no attention or even ignore the issues of others’ provides a basis for breaking the norms.     Although marriage is a holy Covenant in our society and culture, and our religious orders have emphasized on the importance of marriage and family formation, the analysis of interviewees’ remarks show that traditional marriage has been less important. The friendship experience with the opposite sex and familiarity with cohabitation life is as an intermediary condition in the emerging life in the form of cohabitation. Cohabitors experience a friendship before living together. These types of friendship and conflicts among them in love processes have provided the conditions for living together. Redefinition of sexual roles and meeting temporary needs are the strategies which cohabitors use. Each cohabitor does not enter this kind of life as the definition of their roles in society which are expected from them; for example, the female cohabitors have an economic independence and they do not pay attention to home works and the male cohabitors do not take the responsibility for life costs and have the same role in the home works as the female ones. Both of them have a consideration to a deep cognition to his/her own pair. The consequences of forming cohabitation subculture have been divided into two individual and social groups. Participants characteristics in the study Row    Gender    Age    education 1    Man    36    High school Diploma 2    Man    37    Bachelor’s Degree 3    Female    27    Bachelor’s student 4    Female    28    Bachelor’s student 5    Man    32    Master’s student 6    Man    27    Bachelor’s Degree 7    Man    36    High school Diploma 8    Female    28    Bachelor’s Degree 9    Man    29    Master’s Degree 10    Female    26    Bachelor’s Degree 11    Female    25    Bachelor’s Degree 12    Man    29    Bachelor’s Degree 13    Female    27    Associate’s Degree 14    Female    25    Master’s student 15    Female    30    Bachelor’s Degree 16    Female    31    Master’s Degree 17    Female    33    Bachelor’s Degree 18    Man    35    Bachelor’s Degree 19    Female    36    Master’s Degree 20    Man    37    Bachelor’s student Figure 1.  Paradigmatic Pattern of Cohabitation Subculture Discussion : Aside from the casual and intermediary conditions which were considered, some conditions are governing on our in-transition society which can provide a background for decreasing marriage importance and family formation according to interviewees’ remaks. The high unemployment levels of unemployment, raising the marriage age, increasing number of the single-occupied housing, girls’ financial independence and, etc. can be referred to as other important conditions. Nevertheless, the family function still has its own importance and value among the society members as a lot of single girls and boys believe that the most important matter in their lives is family formation and marriage. Ethical Considerations Funding We have not sponsor for this article. Authors’ contributions This article was written with Cooperation all authors (Pouran Omidvar & D.r Parvaneh Danesh & D.r Fatemeh Javaheri & D.r Mohammad Javad Zahedi Mazandarani). Conflicts of interest The results of this article are not in conflict with the previous articles. Acknowledgments This article is certified by the university and Extracted from the thesis. همباشی, ازدواج, فردگرایی, سبک زندگی, خرده فرهنگ Cohabitation, marriage, individuality, lifestyles, subcultures 279 320 http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3075-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 pouran omidvar پوران امیدوار omidvar_p@yahoo.com 0000-0001-7960-9668 Yes Payame Noor University دانشگاه پیام نور تهران parvaneh Danesh پروانه دانش danesh@yahoo.com 0000-0001-9201-3789 No payamnoor university دانشگاه پیام نور تهران fatemeh javaheri فاطمه جواهری javaheri@yahoo.com 0000-0002-8633-3142 No kharazmi university دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران Mohammad javad Zahedi Mazandarani محمد جواد زاهدی مازندرانی zahedi@pnu.ac.ir 0000-0001-7576-6658 No payamnoor university دانشگاه پیام نور تهران