Social Welfare

fa بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر برابری جنسیتی در اشتغال جوانان در کشورهای درحال‌توسعه The Determinants of Gender Equality in Youth Employment in Developing Countries اشتغال اصیل orginal 1- محمدحسن فطرس دکتر اقتصاد، گروه اقتصاد، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران 2- نرگس احمدوند کارشناس ارشد علوم اقتصادی، گروه اقتصاد، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران، (نویسنده مسئول) <narges.ahmadvand.4630@gmail.com> 3- مهدی امینی‌راد دانشجو دکترای اقتصاد، گروه اقتصاد، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران مقدمه: نابرابری جنسیتی در اشتغال جوانان یکی از چالشهای بازار کار در کشورهای جهان است. این پدیده در اشکال مختلف به‌صورت میزان دستیابی به مشاغل تمام‌وقت و پاره‌وقت، رسمی و غیررسمی، تفاوت در دستمزد و امنیت شغلی دیده می‌شود. پژوهش حاضر، به بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر روی برابری جنسیتی در اشتغال جوانان جهت اعمال سیاستهای موردنیاز برای کاهش سطح تبعیض جنسیتی و افزایش مشارکت زنان در بازار نیروی کار برخی کشورهای درحال‌توسعه پرداخته است. در این راستا از مدل پنل بیزین برای بررسی شدت و نوع اثرگذاری متغیرهای مدل بر روی برابری جنسیتی در اشتغال جوانان در طی دوره زمانی 2016-1990 استفاده شده است. نتایج حاصل از برآورد مدل نشان می‌دهد تولید ناخالص داخلی، برابری جنسیتی در آموزش ابتدایی، سرمایه‌گذاری مستقیم خارجی، دموکراسی، شاخص جهانی‌سازی سیاسی، مخارج دولت، سرمایه‌گذاری داخلی، سهم جمعیت شهری، سهم زنان از جمعیت، رشد جمعیت، تعداد کاربران موبایل به‌عنوان متغیر جانشین زیرساخت در بخش فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات و کشورهای صادرکننده نفتی دارای اثرگذاری منفی بر روی برابری جنسیتی در اشتغال جوانان هستند. در میان متغیرهای نام‌برده اثرگذاری رشد جمعیت، سرمایه‌گذاری داخلی و خارجی حائز اهمیت است. از سوی دیگر، رشد اقتصادی، برابری جنسیتی در آموزش متوسطه، تجارت باز، تعداد کاربران اینترنت، نرخ بیکاری، دین اسلام و مسیحی دارای اثرگذاری مثبت بر روی برابری جنسیتی در اشتغال بوده‌اند. بنابراین، حفظ توازن در رشد جمعیت، جلوگیری از سرمایه‌گذاری داخلی در پروژه‌های ناکارآمد، ایجاد بسترهای مناسب جهت آموزش عالی زنان، استفاده از اینترنت برای به‌روزرسانی مهارت زنان و ایجاد فرصتهای شغلی آنان، محدود کردن وابستگی به بخش نفتی به‌عنوان بخشی مردانه و درنهایت افزایش رشد اقتصادی در کشورهای درحال‌توسعه و ایران می‌تواند به استفاده بیشتر از سرمایه انسانی در زنان و کاهش نابرابری جنسیتی منجر شود.</narges.ahmadvand.4630@gmail.com> Expended Abstract Introduction Sexual discrimination is not defined as the equalization of facilities and opportunities among men and women. One of the dimensions of gender inequality can be expressed in terms of the inequality of employment opportunities, types of jobs, and the level of payment for equal work between men and women.By looking at the results of the workforce surveys of 1395, it can be said that about 11 percent of the active population of the country is unemployed and the unemployment rate among women is higher than that of men. Iran’s ranking in the gender inequality index was 118 in 2015, with the participation rate of 16.2% for women and 72.2%. for men Theoretical Framework There is some evidence that the relationship between women&rsaquo;s employment and GDP as a criterion for economic development is in the form of a non-uniform curve. In such a way that the impact of economic development on gender equality in employment follows the effects of wages from the U-shaped model. Some economists have found a vague link between education and women&rsaquo;s participation through the outcome of the both effects of income and replacement. Democracy in countries is recognized as a factor in promoting the status of women. While in conservative and authoritarian regimes, the presence of the patriarchal system, the reproduction of the traditional role of women in society, the low level of empowerment of women and their dependence on the state as vulnerable segments of society are still common. International trade and direct foreign investment (FDI) can create job opportunities for women. Political globalization with a role in organizations and international conventions is a key variable in promoting gender equality. Economic growth, both as a factor in increasing the independent income of women, is an increase in their scope for the participation and accumulation of human capital, and as a factor in undermining gender equality. Government spending as a macroeconomic variable such as economic growth can have different effects on women&rsaquo;s employment in the labor force market. Domestic investment is one of the components of overall demand and influences on gender equality. This variable is the main source of employment, creating wealth and innovation. Demographic variables can be regarded as other factors affecting gender equality in employment. An increase in the level of ICT infrastructure improves gender equality in the level of work activity. The presence of oil and the resource curse  has led to a reduction in women’s labor force participation in the Middle East compared to other parts of the world. If the growth of a country is dependent on oil and mineral resources, with the oil sector booming, commodity trade will decline, and women will be more likely to face wage cuts as more women work in the commercial sector. There is a vague connection between the unemployment rate and the employment of women. It can be said that in Islamic countries, active participation of women has been accepted, and they can keep their roles as women and mothers at the same time taking care of their children, and this matter seems to «have no real opposition to women&rsaquo;s professional practice». Methods and Results Based on theoretical foundations, gender equality is largely a function of the following factors: GE= f (GDP, Eqprimeduc, Eqseceduc, Domec, Open, FDI, Polglob, Ecgth, Govexp, Inv, Urban, Popg, Fempopshare, Internet, Mobile, Ythunemp, Natural Resources, Christian, Muslim( As can be seen, based on theoretical foundations, the Bayesian data panel model is used. Table 2: The Significance Test Condition    Cases    Successes    Probability model2.moslem > 0    20000    19796    0.9898 model2.oil < 0    20000    14846    0.7423 model2.christian > 0    20000    19861    0.99305 model2._youth_unemployment_rate > 0    20000    18768    0.9384 model2.population_growth < 0    20000    20000    1 model2._female_population < 0    20000    18913    0.94565 model2.Urban_population < 0    20000    18740    0.937 model2.domestic_investment < 0    20000    19926    0.9963 model2.goverment_expenditure < 0    20000    19160    0.958 model2.economic_growth > 0    20000    16547    0.82735 model2.Political_globalization_index < 0    20000    11401    0.57005 model2.FDI < 0    20000    19859    0.99295 model2.Trade_open > 0    20000    10205    0.51025 model2.Democracy < 0    20000    16362    0.8181 model2.GDP_per_capita < 0    20000    11217    0.56085 model2.internet > 0    20000    11734    0.5867 model2.mobile < 0    20000    18595    0.92975 model2.Gendereq_in_secondary_edu > 0    20000    18859    0.94295 model2.Gendereq_in_primary_educa < 0    20000    16862    0.8431 Table 3 The Results of the Convergence Test for the Markov Chain Monte Carlo for Each of the Estimated Parameters.      Mean    Spectral density at 0    MCMC sd. error    Relative Numer. Eff.    Inefficiency factor                      moslem    2.17439    12.6057    0.06293    0.010978    91.0885 oil    -0.06541    0.697603    0.014804    0.002264    441.604 christian    2.38052    13.4004    0.064884    0.010752    93.0085 _youth_unemplo+    0.001157    2.16E-06    2.61E-05    0.041358    24.1791 population_gro+    -0.05694    0.000555    0.000417    0.038508    25.9685 _female_popula+    -0.02976    0.004676    0.001212    0.011641    85.9053 Urban_populati+    -0.00198    1.52E-05    6.91E-05    0.017974    55.6368 domestic_inves+    -0.00212    8.86E-07    1.67E-05    0.110971    9.0114 goverment_expe+    -0.00283    5.06E-06    3.99E-05    0.083217    12.0168 economic_growth    0.000808    2.88E-07    9.51E-06    0.405174    2.46807 Political_glob+    -7.63E-05    3.21E-07    1.00E-05    0.091255    10.9583 FDI    -0.00157    9.34E-08    5.42E-06    0.684832    1.46021 Trade_open    3.76E-06    4.49E-07    1.19E-05    0.054602    18.3144 Democracy    -0.00227    1.34E-05    6.50E-05    0.075739    13.2033 GDP_per_capita    -4.13E-07    1.32E-11    6.44E-08    0.094679    10.562 internet    8.76E-05    1.67E-07    7.25E-06    0.162687    6.14677 mobile    -0.0003    7.48E-08    4.85E-06    0.090343    11.0689 Gendereq_in_se+    0.111469    0.017214    0.002325    0.047011    21.2715 Gendereq_in_pr+    -0.02392    0.000206    0.000255    0.434065    2.3038 tau    444.66    278.889    0.295999    0.733929    1.36253 omega    40.8264    348.491    0.33088    0.101962    9.8076 sigma_e    0.047539    8.08E-07    1.59E-05    0.732259    1.36564 sigma_alpha    0.164679    0.002182    0.000828    0.072843    13.7281 Discussion and conclusion The results show that population growth, domestic investment, Christianity, and direct foreign investment are the most important determinants of gender equality, respectively. As expected, if population growth is to be allocated to women with lower educational, health and other priorities, domestic investment and direct foreign investment due to inefficiencies and corruption in countries in developing countries, they will lead to an increase in gender equality. On the other hand, Christian countries have more gender equality than Islamic countries in the labor force market. Government spending, secondary education, women&rsaquo;s share of the population, youth unemployment rate, urban population share, mobile users, gender equality in elementary education, economic growth and democracy, with a high probability (82-98%), on the gender equality model are effective in developing countries. While other model variables include oil exporting countries, internet users, the index of globalization, GDP, and open trade, they can have an uncertain probability (about 50%) in the pattern. As a result, it can be stated that demographic variables, internal and external capital, religion, and gender equality in education provide the best explanation for the employment gap between men and women in developing countries. Therefore, maintaining a balance in population growth, preventing domestic investment in inefficient projects, creating a suitable platform for women&rsaquo;s higher education, preventing them from directing to less paid jobs, using the Internet to update women&rsaquo;s skills, trading in goods, limiting the dependence on the oil sector as a male component, and ultimately, increasing economic growth in developing countries including Iran could provide suggestions for reducing gender inequality in the labor market. Ethical Considerations Funding In the present study, did not have any sponsors Authors’ contributions All authors contributed in designing, running, and writing all parts of the research. Conflicts of interest This article does not conflict with other articles of my. Acknowledgments This article follows the principles of ethics and research and is endorsed by the Bu-Ali Sina University in this regard اشتغال جوانان, برابری جنسیتی, عوامل تعیین‌کننده, میانگین‌گیری مدل بیزین, ایران Determinants, Gender equality, Iran, the Baysin model averaging, Youth employment 45 84 http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2975-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 narges ahmadvand نرگس احمدوند narges.ahmadvand.4630@gmail.com 0000-0001-4280-4408 Yes Economics Faculty, Bu Ali Sina University دانشگاه بوعلی سینا mohammad hasan fotros محمد حسن فطرس 0000-0001-6859-5854 No Economics Faculty, Bu Ali Sina University دانشگاه بوعلی سینا mehdi amini rad مهدی امینی راد 0000-0002-4531-2230 No Economics Faculty, Bu Ali Sina University دانشگاه بوعلی سینا