fa نقش نابرابری درآمدی در اثرگذاری حکمرانی خوب بر شمول اقتصادی زنان در ایران زنان اصیل orginal <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">مقدمه:</span></span></span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt"> شمول اقتصادی یا به عبارت دیگر</span></span></span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">مشارکت‌زنان در بخش رسمی‌اقتصاد به پیشرفت جنبه‌های مهم اقتصادی به‌ویژه کاهش فقر، بهبود تحولات ساختاری در بازار کار و تحکیم رفاه زنان کمک می‌کند. از این‌رو تلاش برای شناسایی عوامل موثر بر آن در جوامع ادامه دارد. هدف مقاله حاضر تحلیل اثرات آستانه‌ای نابرابری‌درآمدی و حکمرانی‌خوب بر شمول‌اقتصادی‌زنان در ایران است.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">روش:</span></span></span></b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt"> پژوهش حاضر برای سال‌های </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">1402-1384 و </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">به روش رگرسیون انتقال ملایم انجام شد. </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">مشارکت‌زنان در نیروی‌کار، </span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">ضریب‌جینی و </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">میانگین شش شاخص حکمرانی‌خوب بانک جهانی</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">به‌عنوان شمول اقتصادی زنان</span></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">، نابرابری‌درآمدی و حکمرانی‌خوب در نظر گرفته شدند.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span lang="FA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">یافته‌ها:</span></span></span></b> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">نابرابری‌درآمدی دو دوره قبل متغیر انتقال تابع شمول‌اقتصادی‌زنان بوده که حدآستانه‌ای‌ برابر با 71/0 درصد (معادل با رتبه 512/0 ضریب جینی) و سرعت انتقالی برابر با 45/13 دارد. نابرابری‌درآمدی در هر دو رژیم بر شمول‌اقتصادی‌زنان اثر منفی داشته و این اثر در رژیم دوم تقویت شده‌است. حکمرانی‌خوب در رژیم اول و دوم به ترتیب اثر مثبت و منفی داشته که بیانگر اثری به شکل </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">U</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">معکوس است. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">بحث: </span></span></span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">تقویت اثر منفی نابرابری‌درآمدی در رژیم دوم حاکی از افزایش اثرگذاری </span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">به‌دلیل عدم دسترسی زنان به فرصت‌های آموزشی و تحصیلی رخ داده و سبب عدم دستیابی به شغل مناسب برای زنان شده‌است.</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt"> اثر </span></span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">U</span></span></span> <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span b="" lotus="" style="font-family:"><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">معکوس حکمرانی‌خوب نشان‌دهنده وابستگی اثرگذاری حکمرانی به طبقه اجتماعی و اقتصادی می‌باشد. بدین‌ترتیب دولت باید سیاست‌های کاهش نابرابری‌درآمدی به‌ویژه جلوگیری از رسیدن آن به حدآستانه و همچنین بهبود کیفیت حکمرانی را در پیش بگیرد.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="line-height:normal"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Introduction:</span></b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Economic inclusion, or in other words, women&#39;s participation in the formal economy, contributes to the advancement of key economic aspects, particularly poverty reduction, improvement in structural transformations in the labor market, and consolidation of women&#39;s welfare. Therefore, efforts to identify the factors affecting it in societies continue. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the threshold effects of income inequality and good governance on women&#39;s economic inclusion in Iran</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="line-height:normal"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL" style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="line-height:normal"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Method:</span></b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> The current research was conducted for the years (2005&ndash;2023) using the Smooth Transition Regression (STR) method. Women&#39;s labor force participation, the Gini coefficient, and the average of the six World Bank good governance indicators were considered as women&#39;s economic inclusion, income inequality, and good governance, respectively</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="line-height:normal"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL" style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="line-height:normal"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Findings:</span></b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Income inequality lagged by two periods was the transition variable of the women&#39;s economic inclusion function, with a threshold value of 0.71 percent (equivalent to a Gini coefficient rank of 0.512) and a transition speed of 13.45. Income inequality has a negative effect on women&#39;s economic inclusion in both regimes, and this effect is strengthened in the second regime. Good governance has a positive effect in the first regime and a negative effect in the second regime, indicating an inverted U-shaped effect</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="line-height:normal"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="RTL" style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="line-height:normal"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Discussion:</span></b><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> The strengthening of the negative effect of income inequality in the second regime suggests an increased impact due to women&#39;s lack of access to educational and academic opportunities, which has led to their inability to secure suitable employment. The inverted U-shaped effect of good governance indicates the dependence of governance effectiveness on social and economic class. Accordingly, the government should adopt policies to reduce income inequality, particularly preventing it from reaching the threshold level, as well as improving the quality of governance</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">.</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; حکمرانی خوب، رگرسیون انتقال ملایم، شمول اقتصادی زنان، نابرابری درآمدی. Good Governance, Income Inequality, Smooth transition Regression method, Women Economic Inclusion. 0 0 http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-4514-3&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Shokooh Alsadat Hashemi شکوه السادات هاشمی hashemi1553@iau.ac.ir 0009-0001-3447-6619 No bahar hafezi بهار حافظی hafezi@iau.ac.ir 0009-0000-3068-8836 Yes Hossein Sharifi Renani حسین شریفی رنانی H.sharifi@iau.ac.ir 0000-0002-5072-3616 No